Australia’s population hit 25 million in August this year, and concerns have been expressed about further growth.
The NSW premier has called for a migration “breather” and for levels to be cut in half. Melbourne is struggling to accommodate population growth, and will soon have a larger population than Sydney. Regional migration is being discussed as an option to relieve the pressure on Australia’s big cities. What options does the Australian Government have to reduce population growth? This article looks at the significant growth in the number of temporary visa holders in Australia and which programs the Government could consider reducing.Drivers of Population Increase
Migration is said to be the main driver of the population increase.
However, Net Overseas Migration has been fairly flat, and actually decreased between 2012 and 2016.
The Migration Program (ie the number of permanent visas granted each year) has been steady at around 190,000 since 2012-13, but the outcome for 2017-18 was significantly lower.
Significant Increase in Temporary Residents in Australia
There has been a significant increase in the number of temporary visa holders in Australia in the last decade. Compared to June 2012, there were 400,000 more temporary visa holders in June 2018.
The table below summarises the increases for each of the major temporary visa types:| Visa type | June 2012 | June 2018 | Change | % |
| Student | 307,045 | 486,934 | 179,889 | 59% |
| Visitor | 202,228 | 304,140 | 101,912 | 50% |
| Bridging | 113,863 | 176,216 | 62,353 | 55% |
| Graduate Temporary | 34,939 | 71,157 | 36,218 | 104% |
| Special Category | 646,093 | 673,198 | 27,105 | 4% |
| Temporary Resident (Other) | 25,644 | 38,573 | 12,929 | 50% |
| Other Temporary | 2,906 | 4,508 | 1,602 | 55% |
| Crew and Transit | 12,806 | 13,075 | 269 | 2% |
| Working Holiday Maker | 136,593 | 134,909 | -1,684 | -1% |
| Employer Sponsored (457 + TSS) | 162,273 | 147,339 | -14,934 | -9% |
| Total | 1,644,390 | 2,050,049 | 405,659 | 25% |
International Students
The biggest driver of the increase in temporary visa holders is the growth in international student numbers. There are now over 480,000 students in Australia, an increase of close to 180,000 compared to 2012. International education brings a serious amount money into Australia – it is now the 3rd largest Australian export, representing some $30.8 billion in exports in calendar 2017. In 2012, international education represented some $17.2 billion – so the value of the industry has almost doubled since then.
Visitors
Visitors represent the next largest component of the increase in temporary residents – some 100,000 people.
Since 2012, the value of the tourist export industry has increased by 50%:
Bridging Visa Holders
The next biggest increase relates to bridging visa holders in Australia. These are people who have lodged an application for a visa whilst in Australia, and are waiting on the outcome. The number of bridging visa holders in Australia has increased by 55% to 176,000 people as of 30 June 2018.
The reason for the increase is slower processing times for visas at the Department of Immigration – particularly partner visas and employer sponsored visas. Whilst the Department of Immigration has the option of reducing the number of bridging visa holders by refusing applications, this would most likely lead to an increased number of migration appeals – and bridging visas are also available for appeals.Graduate Temporary Visas
Graduate temporary visas are work visas, generally 2 years in duration, for students completing at least 2 years of study in Australia. The number of graduate temporary visa holders has more than doubled since 2012.
This increase is a consequence of the larger number of international students in Australia, more of whom are doing higher education studies (as opposed to vocational studies). Immigration could change the criteria for graduate temporary visas, or change the duration. This could affect the attractiveness of Australia as a destination for international students.New Zealand Citizens
New Zealand citizens on Special Category Subclass 444 visas represent the largest single category of temporary visa holders in Australia (some 673,000 as of 30 June 2018). The increase since June 2012 is a modes 4%, but this still represents an increase of over 27,000 people.
There are no restrictions on the number of New Zealanders entering Australia. However, the number may continue to be relatively static for two opposing reasons:- New Zealand citizens are now being encouraged to apply for permanent skilled independent visas. The Australian Government estimates that there are around 60,000 NZ citizens eligible for permanent residence through this pathway
- An increasing number of NZ citizens are having their visas cancelled due to character concerns (some 600 New Zealanders have been cancelled in the last 3 years)
Working Holiday Makers
The number of working holiday makers has decreased by some 1,600 or about 1.2% since 2012.
Australia could put the brakes on working holiday makers entering Australia, but this would impact significantly on sectors of the economy which rely on backpackers – particularly the agriculture, tourism and hospitality sectors.Employer Sponsored Visas
The temporary visa type having the largest decrease in numbers since 2012 is the employer sponsored (457 and Temporary Skills Shortage) category. The 457 visa was abolished in March 2018,and replaced with the TSS visa.
Given that the TSS visa is more restrictive and significantly more expensive than the previous 457 visa, we expect the number of employer sponsored visa holders in Australia to continue declining.Where is the Money Going?
The Federal Government has benefited greatly by the increase in temporary visa holders in Australia. Firstly, it benefits from taxation receipts, particularly from the greatly expanded international education and tourism sectors.
Secondly, the Department of Home Affairs accrues more revenue from visa application fees.
Conclusion
With the number of permanent migration visas already having been reduced in 2017-18, the options for limiting the number of temporary visas granted seem somewhat limited. Students and visitors are essential to two of our largest export industries. Graduate temporary visas support the international education industry also. The number of bridging visa holders has ballooned largely due to the Department of Home Affairs’ longer processing times, and the number of employer sponsored visa holders is already in decline.
It seems the only two possible ways to reduce the number of temporary visa holders in Australia would appear to be to look at visas for NZ citizens and backpackers – it remains to be seen if there is any political will to consider these options.Sources
- NSW Premier calls for immigration slowdown, warns numbers of new arrivals have ‘gone through the roof’
- Melbourne’s population explosion threatens to create a ‘Bangkok situation’
- The congestion challenge: more infrastructure and stronger population planning to get better cities
- Data.gov.au – Temporary visa holders in Australia
- Australia’s goods and services by top 25 exports 2017
- Department of Home Affairs – Annual Reports
